What is Debian?

Debian is a community-driven Linux distribution known for its stability, long-term support, and commitment to free software. First released in 1993, it has grown to become one of the most respected and well-maintained operating systems in the Linux ecosystem.

Debian is available in three branches:

• Stable (recommended for production)

• Testing (feature updates with more recent software)

• Unstable (Sid) (cutting-edge, primarily for developers)

Key Features of Debian

Use Cases of Debian

• Desktop computing for developers and Linux enthusiasts

• Web servers and cloud instances

• Database servers

• Secure environments for research and education

• Base OS for custom Linux distributions

Debian vs Other Linux Distros

Debian Installation: Step-by-Step Tutorial

This guide is based on Debian 12 "Bookworm", the latest stable release as of 2025.

System Requirements

• 1 GHz processor or better

• 2 GB RAM minimum (4 GB recommended)

• 20 GB available disk space

• Internet connection (optional, but useful)

• ISO file from the official Debian site

Step 1: Download Debian ISO

Visit the Debian download page and choose either the NetInstall ISO (for minimal setup) or Live ISO (for testing before installing).

Step 2: Create Bootable USB

Use Rufus (Windows), Balena Etcher, or dd (Linux/macOS) to flash the ISO to a USB drive. Ensure the USB is at least 4 GB.

Step 3: Boot from USB

• Restart your computer

• Enter BIOS/UEFI settings (usually by pressing F2, F10, or DEL)

• Set the USB as the first boot device

Step 4: Launch Debian Installer

• Choose "Graphical Install"

• Select your preferred language and region

• Set up hostname and domain (you can leave domain blank)

Step 5: Configure Users and Passwords

• Create a strong root password

• Create a regular user account with a secure password

Step 6: Partition the Disk

Choose one of the following:

• Guided - use entire disk (recommended for beginners)

• Manual (advanced users can customize partitions)

Step 7: Install Base System and Software

• Select desired software (e.g., GNOME, KDE, XFCE, or a minimal setup)

• The installer will download and install packages

Step 8: Install GRUB Bootloader

Choose "Yes" when prompted to install GRUB to the primary drive (usually /dev/sda). This allows Debian to boot after installation.

Step 9: Reboot and Login

Once installation is complete:

• Remove USB drive

• Reboot the system

• Login with the user credentials you set earlier

Post-Installation Setup

Debian Desktop Environments

You can choose from several desktop environments during installation:

Performance and Stability

Debian is designed with performance in mind, especially on older hardware. It runs smoothly with minimal background services and is highly optimized for system resource efficiency. This makes it ideal for production-grade environments, VPS hosting, or low-spec PCs.

Limitations

• Software versions may lag behind other distros due to stability focus

• Not the most beginner-friendly without prior Linux knowledge

• Some proprietary drivers need manual installation

Best Debian-Based Alternatives

Final Verdict

Debian OS is a proven and powerful choice for anyone looking for a secure and stable Linux operating system. Its strong community, reliable updates, and customizable features make it a favorite for both server admins and Linux power users. While not the most flashy or beginner-oriented, it offers unmatched reliability and is an excellent foundation for learning and deploying real-world Linux systems.

Quick Summary Table